Terms A-Z

Integrated reporting on vocational training brings together various official statistics to give an overview of the paths ... young people’s lives take and of vocational training pursued after leaving general schools.

A comprehensive system of (educational) sectors and accounts (qualification pathways) describes the programmes available above lower secondary level. Vocational education and training opportunities are categorized according to four (educational) sectors:

"Vocational training" (objective: full vocational qualification): A full vocational qualification is the foundation for entering and remaining in employment and for the ability to shape one’s own career.

"Integration into training (transition system)" (objective: vocational training): Integration measures serve to prepare young people for – and place them in – vocational training. It includes a wide range of programmes and measures, most of them publicly financed.

"Higher education entrance qualifications" (objective: acquiring a higher education entrance qualification): A higher education entrance qualification enables people to pursue higher education or vocational training.

"Academic degree programmes" (objective: higher education degree): A higher education degree is the foundation for high-level employment.

R&D expenditure by business enterprises and institutions for cooperative industrial research and experimental development ... (IfG).

Innovations are new or significantly improved products or services that have been introduced to the market by business enterprises ... (product innovations) and new or significantly improved production processes, processes for service provision, delivery methods, information processing, supportive processes for administration, methods to organise business processes and external relations, methods for organisation of work and marketing methods that are introduced in business enterprises (process innovations) and that differ significantly from previously offered products and used processes in business enterprises (cf. Oslo Manual 2018, sections 3.24 and 3.34).
(Source: Bundesbericht Forschung und Innovation (Glossar))

"Institution of higher education" is the general term used for different academic institutions, including those with a practical ... and artistic focus, that are engaged in training and the promotion of the sciences and arts through research and teaching. Institutions of higher education include universities, colleges of art and music, universities of applied sciences and colleges of public administration.

Various mean values are given in the OECD statistics. These take into account the OECD countries for which data are available ... or can be estimated. The value for the “OECD average” is calculated as the unweighted mean of the data values for all OECD countries. “Total OECD” is calculated as the weighted mean of the data values of all OECD countries.

The “EU average” is calculated as the unweighted mean of the data values of the OECD countries that are members or accession countries of both the European Union and the OECD for which data are available or can be estimated. For the description of the various EU averages, refer to the glossary term "EU – European Union."

For more information on which countries were included in the calculation of the international averages in the individual reporting years, see source.
(Source: OECD, Education at a Glance)

ISCED was developed by UNESCO in the early 1970s to provide a consistent framework for collecting and presenting educational ... statistics, thus enabling or facilitating national and international comparisons. The classification was updated in 1997 (ISCED 97) and in 2011 (ISCED 2011) and reflects all organized learning processes (see table at the end of the glossary). Since 2015, the new ISCED 2011 is used in the education reports of interntional organisations (UNESCO, OECD, Eurostat).

ISCED was developed by UNESCO in the early 1970s to provide a consistent framework for collecting and presenting educational ... statistics, thus enabling or facilitating national and international comparisons. The classification of 1975 was updated in 1997 (ISCED 97) and now reflects all organized learning processes. In 2011 this classification was updated again (ISCED 2011) (see also ISCED 2011 – International Standard Classification of Education).