Industrie und Handel 1) | Handwerk | Landwirtschaft | Öffentlicher Dienst | Freie Berufe | Hauswirtschaft | Ausbildungsbereiche insgesamt | ||
Land | Jahr 2) 3) | Anzahl | ||||||
Baden-Württemberg | 1993 | 47,688 | m | 2,632 | 3,102 | 13,405 | 520 | 67,347 |
1994 | 44,814 | m | 2,114 | 3,456 | 13,265 | 503 | 64,152 | |
1995 | 47,954 | m | 2,148 | 3,115 | 14,882 | 515 | 68,614 | |
1996 | 47,814 | m | 2,169 | 3,098 | 15,052 | 504 | 68,637 | |
1997 | 46,155 | m | 2,430 | 3,057 | 15,288 | 489 | 67,419 | |
1998 | 46,744 | m | 2,355 | 2,939 | 14,604 | 506 | 67,148 | |
1999 | 48,761 | m | 2,295 | 3,115 | 15,161 | 489 | 69,821 | |
2000 | 51,240 | m | 2,424 | 3,022 | 14,540 | 501 | 71,727 | |
2001 | 50,487 | m | 1,874 | 3,100 | 13,874 | 488 | 69,823 | |
2002 | 50,434 | m | 2,270 | 3,176 | 13,323 | 486 | 69,689 | |
2003 | 50,417 | m | 2,403 | 2,542 | 12,429 | 470 | 68,261 | |
2004 | 55,340 | m | 2,541 | 2,648 | 12,509 | 497 | 73,535 | |
2005 | 62,148 | m | 2,440 | 2,676 | 12,110 | 492 | 79,866 | |
2006 | 62,520 | m | 2,481 | 2,715 | 11,536 | 561 | 79,813 | |
2009 | 33,990 | 40,704 | 2,385 | 2,421 | 11,304 | 726 | 91,527 | |
2010 | 36,885 | 41,631 | 2,442 | 3,081 | 10,773 | 711 | 95,523 | |
2011 | 23,817 | 42,750 | 2,313 | 3,054 | 10,518 | 696 | 83,148 | |
2012 | 37,284 | 42,939 | 2,289 | 3,384 | 10,218 | 723 | 96,837 | |
2013 | 37,647 | 41,985 | 2,283 | 3,297 | 10,341 | 696 | 96,249 | |
2014 | 38,397 | 41,139 | 2,310 | 3,267 | 10,284 | 663 | 96,060 | |
2015 | 39,030 | 41,424 | 2,328 | 3,258 | 10,308 | 636 | 96,981 | |
2016 | 40,626 | 40,431 | 2,355 | 3,360 | 10,128 | 642 | 97,542 | |
2017 | 42,021 | 27,828 | 2,406 | 3,372 | 10,065 | 633 | 86,322 | |
2018 | 43,254 | 27,567 | 2,424 | 3,486 | 10,128 | 627 | 87,486 | |
2019 | 44,241 | 27,000 | 2,394 | 3,492 | 10,185 | 615 | 87,927 | |
2020 | 44,457 | 26,856 | 2,499 | 3,399 | 9,978 | 594 | 87,783 | |
2021 | 44,616 | 26,724 | 2,541 | 3,186 | 9,381 | 579 | 87,027 | |
2022 | 44,496 | 26,448 | 2,298 | 3,192 | 9,126 | 510 | 86,073 | |
Bayern | 1993 | 62,964 | m | 3,085 | 3,432 | 17,507 | 420 | 87,408 |
1994 | 66,604 | m | 3,048 | 3,459 | 17,849 | 323 | 91,283 | |
1995 | 68,506 | m | 2,943 | 3,227 | 18,319 | 333 | 93,328 | |
1996 | 68,544 | m | 2,946 | 3,252 | 18,399 | 323 | 93,464 | |
1997 | 72,525 | m | 3,100 | 3,433 | 18,964 | 362 | 98,384 | |
1998 | 75,775 | m | 3,150 | 3,609 | 17,446 | 384 | 100,364 | |
1999 | 81,948 | m | 3,495 | 3,633 | 17,314 | 395 | 106,785 | |
2000 | 85,916 | m | 3,259 | 3,810 | 17,132 | 412 | 110,529 | |
2001 | 87,398 | m | 2,712 | 3,752 | 17,188 | 421 | 111,471 | |
2002 | 88,864 | m | 2,681 | 3,841 | 17,188 | 326 | 112,900 | |
2003 | 83,357 | m | 2,914 | 2,560 | 16,982 | 316 | 106,129 | |
2004 | 88,541 | m | 3,019 | 1,821 | 16,225 | 322 | 109,928 | |
2005 | 90,871 | m | 3,025 | 1,722 | 15,636 | 409 | 111,663 | |
2006 | 92,346 | m | 3,092 | 1,563 | 14,572 | 384 | 111,957 | |
2009 | 46,920 | 47,220 | 4,503 | 705 | 15,537 | - | 114,888 | |
2010 | 46,401 | 48,717 | 4,398 | 696 | 15,405 | - | 115,617 | |
2011 | 44,733 | 47,349 | 4,347 | 747 | 15,126 | - | 112,299 | |
2012 | 45,396 | 45,438 | 4,176 | 1,734 | 14,661 | - | 111,405 | |
2013 | 45,105 | 44,301 | 4,032 | 1,632 | 14,640 | - | 109,710 | |
2014 | 44,265 | 43,242 | 3,924 | 1,650 | 14,727 | - | 107,805 | |
2015 | 43,527 | 42,180 | 3,816 | 1,698 | 14,652 | - | 105,873 | |
2016 | 43,941 | 41,682 | 3,870 | 1,713 | 14,514 | - | 105,720 | |
2017 | 44,259 | 41,508 | 3,921 | 1,773 | 14,541 | - | 106,002 | |
2018 | 45,291 | 41,781 | 3,924 | 1,803 | 14,442 | - | 107,241 | |
2019 | 44,985 | 41,316 | 3,831 | 1,860 | 14,430 | - | 106,422 | |
2020 | 44,121 | 40,734 | 3,786 | 1,644 | 14,250 | - | 104,535 | |
2021 | 43,047 | 39,918 | 3,717 | 1,335 | 13,104 | - | 101,124 | |
2022 | 43,701 | 39,405 | 3,750 | 1,305 | 13,497 | - | 101,661 | |
Berlin | 1993 | 11,048 | m | 233 | 1,458 | 3,294 | 23 | 16,056 |
1994 | 12,095 | m | 261 | 1,534 | 3,325 | 23 | 17,238 | |
1995 | 12,990 | m | 278 | 1,582 | 4,326 | 32 | 19,208 | |
1996 | 7,341 | m | 304 | 1,779 | 4,068 | 36 | 13,528 | |
1997 | 8,437 | m | 325 | 1,827 | 3,863 | 40 | 14,492 | |
1998 | 9,833 | m | 324 | 1,817 | 4,059 | 41 | 16,074 | |
1999 | 11,090 | m | 325 | 1,863 | 3,811 | 43 | 17,132 | |
2000 | 11,986 | m | 288 | 1,878 | 3,541 | 51 | 17,744 | |
2001 | 6,822 | m | 274 | 1,962 | 3,375 | 50 | 12,483 | |
2002 | 7,322 | m | 267 | 2,050 | 3,510 | 43 | 13,192 | |
2003 | 7,593 | m | 277 | 1,954 | 3,413 | 43 | 13,280 | |
2004 | 7,907 | m | 223 | 2,016 | 3,067 | 48 | 13,261 | |
2005 | 8,121 | m | 224 | 2,034 | 3,209 | 60 | 13,648 | |
2006 | 8,118 | m | 220 | 2,018 | 2,649 | 53 | 13,058 | |
2009 | 8,658 | 2,826 | 228 | 873 | 4,104 | 51 | 16,737 | |
2010 | 8,463 | 6,153 | 243 | 843 | 4,200 | 51 | 19,956 | |
2011 | 8,154 | 6,204 | 249 | 807 | 4,119 | 57 | 19,587 | |
2012 | 8,040 | 4,089 | 252 | 882 | 4,221 | 15 | 17,496 | |
2013 | 7,947 | 4,386 | 246 | 786 | 4,167 | 33 | 17,565 | |
2014 | 7,794 | 3,852 | 240 | 618 | 3,897 | 45 | 16,449 | |
2015 | 7,686 | 3,741 | 264 | 618 | 4,044 | 42 | 16,395 | |
2016 | 7,587 | 3,534 | 267 | 621 | 3,906 | 45 | 15,960 | |
2017 | 7,551 | 3,456 | 267 | 636 | 3,849 | 48 | 15,804 | |
2018 | 7,869 | 4,140 | 201 | 162 | 3,873 | 48 | 16,293 | |
2019 | 8,004 | 3,990 | 219 | 147 | 3,780 | 42 | 16,182 | |
2020 | 7,611 | 3,948 | 222 | 123 | 3,750 | 42 | 15,690 | |
2021 | 7,260 | 3,894 | 219 | 123 | 3,717 | 36 | 15,249 | |
2022 | 7,083 | 3,846 | 225 | 117 | 3,843 | 33 | 15,150 | |
Brandenburg | 1993 | 4,645 | m | 466 | 334 | 474 | 71 | 5,990 |
1994 | 6,243 | m | 439 | 291 | 1,071 | 46 | 8,090 | |
1995 | 6,153 | m | 674 | 331 | 1,890 | 57 | 9,105 | |
1996 | 7,715 | m | 707 | 371 | 2,046 | 63 | 10,902 | |
1997 | 7,625 | m | 805 | 360 | 2,081 | 69 | 10,940 | |
1998 | 8,556 | m | 885 | 374 | 2,022 | 73 | 11,910 | |
1999 | 8,661 | m | 938 | 403 | 2,040 | 77 | 12,119 | |
2000 | 9,654 | m | 684 | 370 | 2,128 | 59 | 12,895 | |
2001 | 9,970 | m | 648 | 379 | 2,109 | 75 | 13,181 | |
2002 | 9,175 | m | 666 | 375 | 1,988 | 70 | 12,274 | |
2003 | 8,902 | m | 708 | 361 | 1,734 | 71 | 11,776 | |
2004 | 9,132 | m | 752 | 486 | 1,678 | 80 | 12,128 | |
2005 | 9,313 | m | 778 | 480 | 1,551 | 77 | 12,199 | |
2006 | 8,791 | m | 741 | 477 | 1,545 | 66 | 11,620 | |
2009 | 4,866 | 6,336 | 315 | 438 | 1,878 | 54 | 13,887 | |
2010 | 7,620 | 5,970 | 330 | 477 | 1,821 | 57 | 16,278 | |
2011 | 7,077 | 5,493 | 309 | 441 | 1,515 | 54 | 14,892 | |
2012 | 6,621 | 5,103 | 300 | 414 | 1,398 | 51 | 13,884 | |
2013 | 6,231 | 4,824 | 288 | 384 | 1,284 | 48 | 13,053 | |
2014 | 5,871 | 4,665 | 297 | 360 | 1,254 | 48 | 12,492 | |
2015 | 5,691 | 4,701 | 270 | 336 | 1,218 | 39 | 12,255 | |
2016 | 5,661 | 4,833 | 258 | 393 | 1,218 | 33 | 12,399 | |
2017 | 5,673 | 4,935 | 255 | 393 | 1,215 | 30 | 12,504 | |
2018 | 5,826 | 5,085 | 255 | 396 | 1,188 | 27 | 12,777 | |
2019 | 5,925 | 5,184 | 255 | 378 | 1,104 | 27 | 12,876 | |
2020 | 5,817 | 5,184 | 255 | 369 | 1,161 | 57 | 12,840 | |
2021 | 5,736 | 5,346 | 645 | 360 | 1,170 | 30 | 13,287 | |
2022 | 6,078 | 5,295 | 639 | 360 | 1,185 | 30 | 13,584 | |
Bremen
4) | 1993 | 2,382 | m | 70 | 159 | 981 | 23 | 3,615 |
1994 | 2,450 | m | 70 | 146 | 1,022 | 29 | 3,717 | |
1995 | 2,638 | m | 70 | 125 | 1,114 | 29 | 3,976 | |
1996 | 2,767 | m | 70 | 132 | 1,220 | 36 | 4,225 | |
1997 | 2,951 | m | 51 | 126 | 1,221 | 47 | 4,396 | |
1998 | 3,216 | m | 53 | 131 | 983 | 24 | 4,407 | |
1999 | 3,556 | m | 54 | 136 | 918 | 24 | 4,688 | |
2000 | 3,912 | m | 48 | 138 | 865 | 24 | 4,987 | |
2001 | 4,279 | m | 50 | 144 | 836 | 26 | 5,335 | |
2002 | 4,558 | m | 50 | 151 | 894 | 26 | 5,679 | |
2003 | 2,873 | m | 52 | 126 | 956 | 26 | 4,033 | |
2004 | 7,340 | m | 51 | 129 | 998 | 26 | 8,544 | |
2005 | 2,396 | m | 52 | 121 | 949 | 26 | 3,544 | |
2006 | 2,581 | m | 59 | 127 | 934 | 26 | 3,727 | |
2009 | 3,609 | 1,536 | - | 75 | 1,245 | 27 | 6,492 | |
2010 | 3,522 | 1,569 | - | 87 | 1,251 | 27 | 6,453 | |
2011 | 3,573 | 1,536 | - | 87 | 990 | 27 | 6,210 | |
2012 | 3,666 | 1,521 | - | 87 | 1,035 | 27 | 6,336 | |
2013 | 3,627 | 1,464 | - | 72 | 996 | 27 | 6,186 | |
2014 | 3,741 | 1,389 | - | 102 | 972 | 27 | 6,231 | |
2015 | 3,741 | 1,389 | - | 102 | 972 | 27 | 6,231 | |
2016 | 3,915 | 1,341 | - | 66 | 750 | 27 | 6,099 | |
2017 | 4,065 | 1,326 | - | 78 | 720 | 27 | 6,213 | |
2018 | 4,050 | 1,302 | - | 84 | 759 | 27 | 6,222 | |
2019 | 3,924 | 1,347 | - | 87 | 900 | 30 | 6,288 | |
2020 | 3,738 | 1,293 | 36 | 108 | 951 | 30 | 6,156 | |
2021 | 3,663 | 1,269 | 33 | 108 | 945 | 36 | 6,054 | |
2022 | 3,606 | 1,245 | - | 144 | 861 | 36 | 5,892 | |
Hamburg | 1993 | 9,625 | m | 417 | 610 | 4,207 | 130 | 14,989 |
1994 | 9,859 | m | 391 | 294 | 2,396 | 20 | 12,960 | |
1995 | 10,532 | m | 376 | 272 | 2,316 | 15 | 13,511 | |
1996 | 11,175 | m | 386 | 314 | 2,287 | 11 | 14,173 | |
1997 | 11,175 | m | 386 | 314 | 2,287 | 11 | 14,173 | |
1998 | 12,717 | m | 381 | 322 | 2,166 | - | 15,586 | |
1999 | 13,651 | m | 376 | 322 | 2,270 | 17 | 16,636 | |
2000 | 14,040 | m | 386 | 328 | 2,342 | 13 | 17,109 | |
2001 | 14,266 | m | 373 | 336 | 2,455 | 19 | 17,449 | |
2002 | 12,785 | m | 371 | 365 | 2,305 | 21 | 15,847 | |
2003 | 10,861 | m | 374 | 317 | 2,269 | 25 | 13,846 | |
2004 | 10,861 | m | 374 | 338 | 2,183 | - | 13,756 | |
2005 | 13,157 | m | 377 | 383 | 2,222 | - | 16,139 | |
2006 | 14,459 | m | 376 | 376 | 2,061 | 18 | 17,290 | |
2009 | 10,563 | 2,883 | - | 171 | 2,268 | - | 15,885 | |
2010 | - | 2,892 | 63 | 159 | 2,283 | 18 | 5,415 | |
2011 | 11,091 | 2,811 | 90 | 171 | 2,295 | - | 16,458 | |
2012 | 11,022 | 2,724 | - | 162 | 2,253 | 18 | 16,179 | |
2013 | 10,785 | 2,622 | 114 | 189 | 2,208 | 18 | 15,936 | |
2014 | 10,269 | 2,580 | 132 | 93 | 2,298 | 18 | 15,390 | |
2015 | 9,936 | 2,562 | 150 | 123 | 2,310 | - | 15,084 | |
2016 | 10,074 | 2,595 | 150 | 108 | 2,349 | - | 15,279 | |
2017 | 10,182 | 2,565 | 147 | 135 | 2,367 | - | 15,396 | |
2018 | 10,416 | 2,589 | 144 | 147 | 2,406 | - | 15,702 | |
2019 | 10,515 | 2,598 | 150 | 90 | 2,400 | - | 15,756 | |
2020 | 10,080 | 2,586 | 153 | 81 | 2,298 | - | 15,198 | |
2021 | 9,648 | 2,526 | 153 | 81 | 2,346 | - | 14,754 | |
2022 | 9,570 | 2,520 | 153 | 75 | 2,355 | - | 14,670 | |
Hessen | 1993 | 21,325 | m | 1,109 | 5,242 | 5,187 | 275 | 33,138 |
1994 | 22,268 | m | 1,122 | 5,133 | 5,136 | 216 | 33,875 | |
1995 | 23,277 | m | 1,194 | 4,660 | 6,813 | 231 | 36,175 | |
1996 | 24,357 | m | 1,147 | 4,731 | 7,005 | 196 | 37,436 | |
1997 | 25,152 | m | 1,147 | 4,736 | 6,781 | 220 | 38,036 | |
1998 | 26,059 | m | 1,367 | 4,941 | 6,749 | 258 | 39,374 | |
1999 | 27,967 | m | 1,703 | 4,525 | 6,555 | 270 | 41,020 | |
2000 | 28,466 | m | 1,722 | 4,764 | 6,405 | 234 | 41,591 | |
2001 | 32,018 | m | 1,566 | 4,612 | 6,479 | 249 | 44,924 | |
2002 | 33,773 | m | 1,483 | 4,464 | 6,847 | 188 | 46,755 | |
2003 | 31,058 | m | 1,413 | 4,365 | 6,790 | 191 | 43,817 | |
2004 | 37,342 | m | 1,496 | 4,323 | 7,124 | 193 | 50,478 | |
2005 | 41,213 | m | 1,492 | 3,827 | 6,737 | - | 53,269 | |
2006 | 38,796 | m | 1,580 | 3,881 | 6,474 | - | 50,731 | |
2009 | 20,145 | 17,373 | 963 | 2,760 | 8,655 | - | 49,896 | |
2010 | 20,268 | 17,550 | 1,050 | 2,853 | 8,673 | - | 50,391 | |
2011 | 20,538 | 17,313 | 1,071 | 3,297 | 8,223 | - | 50,442 | |
2012 | 20,835 | 16,767 | 1,056 | 3,375 | 8,082 | - | 50,118 | |
2013 | 21,363 | 16,302 | 1,101 | 3,777 | 7,980 | - | 50,520 | |
2014 | 21,684 | 15,741 | 1,092 | 3,831 | 7,983 | - | 50,328 | |
2015 | 21,975 | 15,387 | 1,074 | 3,906 | 7,866 | - | 50,211 | |
2016 | 22,194 | 15,048 | 1,080 | 3,954 | 7,923 | - | 50,199 | |
2017 | 22,317 | 15,030 | 1,047 | 3,894 | 7,827 | - | 50,115 | |
2018 | 23,049 | 15,021 | 1,086 | 3,909 | 7,827 | - | 50,892 | |
2019 | 23,076 | 15,060 | 1,089 | 3,825 | 6,879 | - | 49,929 | |
2020 | 22,542 | 14,922 | 1,068 | 3,588 | 6,774 | - | 48,894 | |
2021 | 21,927 | 15,126 | 1,092 | 3,648 | 6,765 | - | 48,558 | |
2022 | 21,513 | 14,976 | 1,122 | 3,717 | 6,801 | - | 48,126 | |
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | 1993 | 3,993 | m | 258 | 401 | 902 | 70 | 5,624 |
1994 | 6,311 | m | 309 | 430 | 1,277 | 63 | 8,390 | |
1995 | 6,821 | m | 400 | 510 | 1,397 | 73 | 9,201 | |
1996 | 7,973 | m | 529 | 537 | 1,253 | 85 | 10,377 | |
1997 | 8,732 | m | 618 | 495 | 1,252 | 80 | 11,177 | |
1998 | 9,267 | m | 721 | 519 | 1,132 | 83 | 11,722 | |
1999 | 9,955 | m | 809 | 559 | 1,097 | 91 | 12,511 | |
2000 | 10,091 | m | 856 | 595 | 1,214 | 87 | 12,843 | |
2001 | 10,335 | m | 628 | 622 | 1,189 | 85 | 12,859 | |
2002 | 10,672 | m | 667 | 532 | 878 | 83 | 12,832 | |
2003 | 10,593 | m | 718 | 534 | 828 | 88 | 12,761 | |
2004 | 10,672 | m | 783 | 406 | 1,129 | 73 | 13,063 | |
2005 | 11,257 | m | 714 | 605 | 1,081 | 78 | 13,735 | |
2006 | 11,958 | m | 681 | 545 | 893 | 72 | 14,149 | |
2009 | 5,157 | 3,855 | 999 | 351 | 1,443 | 99 | 11,904 | |
2010 | 4,743 | 3,921 | 1,089 | 330 | 1,458 | 108 | 11,646 | |
2011 | 4,350 | 3,723 | 1,128 | 327 | 1,212 | 114 | 10,857 | |
2012 | 4,188 | 3,471 | 1,182 | 300 | 1,161 | 111 | 10,410 | |
2013 | 4,035 | 3,183 | 1,221 | 243 | 1,128 | 105 | 9,918 | |
2014 | 3,972 | 3,036 | 1,218 | 234 | 1,164 | 105 | 9,729 | |
2015 | 3,828 | 3,063 | 1,278 | 228 | 1,146 | 102 | 9,648 | |
2016 | 3,786 | 3,144 | 1,224 | 246 | 1,176 | 84 | 9,657 | |
2017 | 3,783 | 3,165 | 1,290 | 222 | 1,116 | 87 | 9,660 | |
2018 | 3,912 | 3,249 | 1,377 | 237 | 1,131 | 90 | 9,996 | |
2019 | 3,963 | 3,327 | 1,440 | 222 | 1,119 | 87 | 10,158 | |
2020 | 3,954 | 3,387 | 1,134 | 237 | 1,161 | 51 | 9,921 | |
2021 | 4,059 | 3,543 | 669 | 243 | 1,116 | 27 | 9,654 | |
2022 | 4,134 | 3,582 | 669 | 237 | 1,161 | 27 | 9,810 | |
Niedersachsen | 1993 | 31,109 | m | 2,624 | 5,348 | 9,713 | 464 | 49,258 |
1994 | 31,339 | m | 2,572 | 5,513 | 11,763 | 427 | 51,614 | |
1995 | 31,185 | m | 1,120 | 5,685 | 12,212 | 199 | 50,401 | |
1996 | 31,894 | m | 3,482 | 5,190 | 10,736 | 590 | 51,892 | |
1997 | 33,965 | m | 3,760 | 5,172 | 10,449 | 613 | 53,959 | |
1998 | 35,992 | m | 3,972 | 5,298 | 10,353 | 645 | 56,260 | |
1999 | 38,611 | m | 4,024 | 5,360 | 9,418 | 587 | 58,000 | |
2000 | 35,953 | m | 4,090 | 5,444 | 10,631 | 569 | 56,687 | |
2001 | 36,212 | m | 4,216 | 5,302 | 8,584 | 564 | 54,878 | |
2002 | 31,623 | m | 4,270 | 2,252 | 8,823 | 574 | 47,542 | |
2003 | 18,619 | m | 4,442 | 2,145 | 7,723 | 573 | 33,502 | |
2004 | 32,802 | m | 4,631 | 2,109 | 5,534 | 402 | 45,478 | |
2005 | 25,380 | m | 4,828 | 1,413 | 5,088 | 414 | 37,123 | |
2006 | 27,789 | m | 3,622 | 1,409 | 5,042 | 431 | 38,293 | |
2009 | 29,175 | 23,862 | 3,126 | 1,500 | 11,097 | 351 | 69,111 | |
2010 | 29,148 | 24,741 | 3,237 | 1,491 | 10,512 | 372 | 69,498 | |
2011 | 29,907 | 25,272 | 3,372 | 1,347 | 10,140 | 375 | 70,413 | |
2012 | 30,516 | 24,891 | 3,519 | 1,380 | 10,014 | 345 | 70,668 | |
2013 | 30,579 | 24,240 | 3,588 | 1,365 | 10,092 | 309 | 70,173 | |
2014 | 30,684 | 23,784 | 3,630 | 1,314 | 9,936 | 261 | 69,609 | |
2015 | 30,702 | 23,235 | 3,663 | 1,356 | 9,849 | 258 | 69,060 | |
2016 | 31,230 | 22,884 | 3,645 | 1,326 | 9,333 | 318 | 68,736 | |
2017 | 31,542 | 22,668 | 3,621 | 1,404 | 9,255 | 315 | 68,802 | |
2018 | 32,022 | 22,476 | 3,774 | 1,374 | 9,417 | 294 | 69,357 | |
2019 | 32,058 | 22,467 | 3,774 | 1,275 | 9,177 | 294 | 69,042 | |
2020 | 31,692 | 16,656 | 3,750 | 1,278 | 10,122 | 285 | 63,783 | |
2021 | 31,929 | 18,252 | 3,657 | 1,248 | 9,657 | 267 | 65,010 | |
2022 | 32,028 | 19,047 | 3,696 | 1,278 | 9,876 | 258 | 66,180 | |
Nordrhein-Westfalen | 1993 | 74,100 | m | 3,516 | 5,762 | 23,893 | 1,221 | 108,492 |
1994 | 72,316 | m | 3,545 | 5,242 | 25,135 | 1,235 | 107,473 | |
1995 | 76,905 | m | 3,576 | 4,566 | 25,332 | 863 | 111,242 | |
1996 | 73,707 | m | 3,751 | 4,378 | 25,416 | 1,030 | 108,282 | |
1997 | 78,119 | m | 3,859 | 4,797 | 24,822 | 1,034 | 112,631 | |
1998 | 88,278 | m | 4,054 | 4,829 | 25,404 | 1,074 | 123,639 | |
1999 | 87,965 | m | 4,227 | 5,025 | 24,489 | 1,063 | 122,769 | |
2000 | 91,271 | m | 4,209 | 5,012 | 26,307 | 1,076 | 127,875 | |
2001 | 94,984 | m | 3,391 | 5,374 | 26,546 | 1,013 | 131,308 | |
2002 | 97,642 | m | 3,337 | 5,285 | 26,704 | 1,016 | 133,984 | |
2003 | 93,233 | m | 3,348 | 4,520 | 26,487 | 1,045 | 128,633 | |
2004 | 103,221 | m | 3,589 | 4,344 | 25,300 | 1,004 | 137,458 | |
2005 | 81,444 | m | 3,814 | 4,674 | 25,040 | 979 | 115,951 | |
2006 | 87,109 | m | 3,977 | 4,277 | 24,351 | 994 | 120,708 | |
2009 | 70,575 | 51,858 | 4,344 | 3,831 | 25,050 | 909 | 156,567 | |
2010 | 69,309 | 52,446 | 4,335 | 3,495 | 24,999 | 882 | 155,469 | |
2011 | 68,961 | 50,715 | 4,356 | 3,390 | 24,495 | 906 | 152,820 | |
2012 | 69,447 | 49,743 | 4,281 | 3,534 | 24,213 | 822 | 152,040 | |
2013 | 69,894 | 47,040 | 4,299 | 3,258 | 24,261 | 771 | 149,526 | |
2014 | 69,570 | 45,954 | 4,401 | 3,162 | 23,844 | 705 | 147,636 | |
2015 | 69,633 | 44,541 | 4,440 | 3,204 | 23,847 | 666 | 146,331 | |
2016 | 70,707 | 43,704 | 4,437 | 3,324 | 23,442 | 579 | 146,193 | |
2017 | 71,481 | 43,551 | 4,515 | 3,567 | 21,396 | 504 | 145,014 | |
2018 | 72,930 | 43,407 | 4,440 | 3,384 | 21,807 | 504 | 146,475 | |
2019 | 72,453 | 43,302 | 4,497 | 3,261 | 21,744 | 519 | 145,776 | |
2020 | 70,320 | 41,337 | 4,575 | 3,450 | 21,570 | 477 | 141,729 | |
2021 | 69,444 | 41,910 | 4,620 | 3,504 | 25,671 | 408 | 145,554 | |
2022 | 68,112 | 42,912 | 4,623 | 4,209 | 25,758 | 345 | 145,956 | |
Rheinland-Pfalz | 1993 | 14,904 | m | 947 | 2,689 | 5,487 | 365 | 24,392 |
1994 | 15,417 | m | 862 | 2,605 | 6,012 | 348 | 25,244 | |
1995 | 16,079 | m | 931 | 2,628 | 5,936 | 351 | 25,925 | |
1996 | 16,275 | m | 1,010 | 2,609 | 6,146 | 363 | 26,403 | |
1997 | 14,496 | m | 1,029 | 2,681 | 5,813 | 750 | 24,769 | |
1998 | 16,001 | m | 1,404 | 2,644 | 6,284 | 790 | 27,123 | |
1999 | 15,777 | m | 1,446 | 2,661 | 5,324 | 802 | 26,010 | |
2000 | 18,417 | m | 1,211 | 2,665 | 5,520 | 802 | 28,615 | |
2001 | 18,051 | m | 845 | 2,189 | 5,435 | 569 | 27,089 | |
2002 | 17,429 | m | 935 | 2,620 | 5,741 | 543 | 27,268 | |
2003 | 16,103 | m | 744 | 2,738 | 5,855 | 554 | 25,994 | |
2004 | 15,465 | m | 790 | 2,633 | 5,825 | 490 | 25,203 | |
2005 | 16,004 | m | 984 | 2,431 | 5,149 | 576 | 25,144 | |
2006 | 16,555 | m | 758 | 2,718 | 4,523 | 575 | 25,129 | |
2009 | 15,543 | 14,583 | 1,332 | 2,619 | 5,715 | 522 | 40,314 | |
2010 | 15,528 | 15,585 | 1,323 | 2,643 | 5,085 | 579 | 40,746 | |
2011 | 15,444 | 15,411 | 1,272 | 2,646 | 4,794 | 618 | 40,185 | |
2012 | 15,261 | 14,733 | 1,287 | 2,601 | 4,680 | 630 | 39,192 | |
2013 | 15,240 | 14,502 | 1,248 | 2,520 | 4,656 | 663 | 38,832 | |
2014 | 15,213 | 13,968 | 1,239 | 2,454 | 4,677 | 720 | 38,271 | |
2015 | 14,760 | 13,650 | 1,248 | 2,358 | 4,692 | 735 | 37,449 | |
2016 | 14,832 | 13,578 | 1,248 | 2,385 | 4,560 | 747 | 37,350 | |
2017 | 14,763 | 13,386 | 1,263 | 2,361 | 4,614 | 738 | 37,125 | |
2018 | 15,159 | 13,335 | 1,215 | 2,328 | 4,476 | 747 | 37,263 | |
2019 | 15,270 | 13,023 | 1,194 | 2,316 | 4,419 | 690 | 36,915 | |
2020 | 15,003 | 12,783 | 1,224 | 1,947 | 4,419 | 393 | 35,766 | |
2021 | 15,351 | 12,645 | 1,221 | 2,172 | 4,314 | 717 | 36,423 | |
2022 | 15,363 | 12,429 | 1,218 | 2,136 | 4,398 | 705 | 36,249 | |
Saarland | 1993 | 3,031 | m | 189 | 210 | 2,118 | 35 | 5,583 |
1994 | 2,805 | m | 187 | 205 | 2,111 | 42 | 5,350 | |
1995 | 2,793 | m | 193 | 251 | 2,174 | 57 | 5,468 | |
1996 | 2,859 | m | 193 | 216 | 2,271 | 52 | 5,591 | |
1997 | 3,086 | m | 206 | 204 | 2,293 | 60 | 5,849 | |
1998 | 3,027 | m | 216 | 203 | 2,217 | 60 | 5,723 | |
1999 | 3,427 | m | 226 | 231 | 2,291 | 57 | 6,232 | |
2000 | 3,730 | m | 240 | 169 | 2,298 | 57 | 6,494 | |
2001 | 3,836 | m | 245 | 235 | 2,364 | 74 | 6,754 | |
2002 | 3,743 | m | 245 | 192 | 2,332 | 68 | 6,580 | |
2003 | 3,662 | m | 252 | 351 | 2,374 | 56 | 6,695 | |
2004 | 3,726 | m | 255 | 365 | 2,019 | 64 | 6,429 | |
2005 | 3,759 | m | 255 | 527 | 2,401 | 59 | 7,001 | |
2006 | 3,880 | m | 151 | 536 | 2,397 | 59 | 7,023 | |
2009 | 4,170 | 3,879 | 255 | 132 | 1,581 | 57 | 10,071 | |
2010 | 4,059 | 3,915 | 237 | 141 | 1,374 | 57 | 9,786 | |
2011 | 3,945 | 3,846 | 237 | 135 | 1,383 | 57 | 9,603 | |
2012 | 3,852 | 3,720 | 228 | 132 | 1,302 | 57 | 9,288 | |
2013 | 3,717 | 3,588 | 204 | 114 | 999 | 57 | 8,676 | |
2014 | 3,651 | 3,507 | 195 | 123 | 1,146 | 51 | 8,673 | |
2015 | 3,630 | 3,291 | 198 | 57 | 1,179 | 51 | 8,406 | |
2016 | 3,648 | 3,120 | 186 | 132 | 1,089 | 51 | 8,223 | |
2017 | 3,579 | 2,967 | 174 | 135 | 1,110 | 57 | 8,022 | |
2018 | 3,501 | 2,883 | 171 | 141 | 1,095 | 57 | 7,848 | |
2019 | 3,495 | 2,790 | 171 | 126 | 1,095 | 48 | 7,722 | |
2020 | 3,309 | 2,748 | 162 | 138 | 1,038 | 48 | 7,446 | |
2021 | 3,201 | 2,715 | 162 | 96 | 1,098 | 48 | 7,320 | |
2022 | 3,132 | 2,652 | 156 | 108 | 1,062 | 30 | 7,140 | |
Sachsen | 1993 | 10,033 | m | 387 | 499 | 4,016 | 201 | 15,136 |
1994 | 11,310 | m | 596 | 779 | 4,948 | 201 | 17,834 | |
1995 | 10,576 | m | 588 | 640 | 4,699 | 150 | 16,653 | |
1996 | 11,745 | m | 618 | 584 | 4,209 | 155 | 17,311 | |
1997 | 12,414 | m | 676 | 900 | 4,376 | 171 | 18,537 | |
1998 | 13,443 | m | 721 | 933 | 3,913 | 189 | 19,199 | |
1999 | 13,594 | m | 765 | 948 | 3,624 | 195 | 19,126 | |
2000 | 14,642 | m | 805 | 895 | 3,899 | 198 | 20,439 | |
2001 | 15,872 | m | 817 | 678 | 3,648 | 224 | 21,239 | |
2002 | 17,838 | m | 1,046 | 685 | 2,494 | 235 | 22,298 | |
2003 | 18,265 | m | 1,305 | 693 | 2,329 | 261 | 22,853 | |
2004 | 15,792 | m | 1,126 | 777 | 2,841 | 243 | 20,779 | |
2005 | 15,449 | m | 497 | 790 | 2,614 | 109 | 19,459 | |
2006 | 15,765 | m | 521 | 841 | 2,352 | 221 | 19,700 | |
2009 | 12,960 | 9,579 | 147 | 663 | 2,700 | 30 | 26,079 | |
2010 | 12,816 | 9,363 | 141 | 732 | 2,655 | 33 | 25,737 | |
2011 | 12,681 | 8,856 | 132 | 705 | 2,634 | 48 | 25,053 | |
2012 | 12,384 | 8,403 | 1,251 | 729 | 2,580 | 186 | 25,533 | |
2013 | 12,150 | 7,854 | 1,350 | 705 | 2,556 | 183 | 24,798 | |
2014 | 12,108 | 7,731 | 1,494 | 723 | 2,508 | 186 | 24,753 | |
2015 | 12,069 | 7,884 | 1,554 | 753 | 2,493 | 183 | 24,936 | |
2016 | 12,222 | 8,025 | 1,605 | 780 | 2,490 | 177 | 25,299 | |
2017 | 12,510 | 8,412 | 1,626 | 744 | 2,457 | 156 | 25,908 | |
2018 | 13,044 | 8,790 | 1,716 | 747 | 2,454 | 165 | 26,916 | |
2019 | 13,098 | 9,096 | 2,025 | 768 | 2,451 | 177 | 27,618 | |
2020 | 12,945 | 9,186 | 1,881 | 810 | 2,379 | 156 | 27,357 | |
2021 | 13,053 | 9,414 | 1,578 | 837 | 2,340 | 99 | 27,318 | |
2022 | 13,074 | 9,159 | 1,653 | 801 | 2,394 | 102 | 27,183 | |
Sachsen-Anhalt | 1993 | 6,915 | m | 426 | 511 | 2,675 | 111 | 10,638 |
1994 | 7,299 | m | 396 | 694 | 2,586 | 117 | 11,092 | |
1995 | 7,681 | m | 467 | 775 | 2,869 | 99 | 11,891 | |
1996 | 8,719 | m | 566 | 721 | 2,823 | 98 | 12,927 | |
1997 | 9,986 | m | 720 | 732 | 2,952 | 104 | 14,494 | |
1998 | 11,668 | m | 700 | 888 | 2,897 | 110 | 16,263 | |
1999 | 12,647 | m | 778 | 1,745 | 2,826 | 109 | 18,105 | |
2000 | 13,309 | m | 836 | 937 | 2,847 | 103 | 18,032 | |
2001 | 13,591 | m | 907 | 978 | 2,278 | 119 | 17,873 | |
2002 | 12,530 | m | 818 | 827 | 2,348 | 110 | 16,633 | |
2003 | 12,903 | m | 680 | 737 | 2,337 | 116 | 16,773 | |
2004 | 13,719 | m | 641 | 887 | 2,340 | 116 | 17,703 | |
2005 | 13,778 | m | 755 | 690 | 1,859 | 122 | 17,204 | |
2006 | 14,134 | m | 716 | 793 | 1,547 | 110 | 17,300 | |
2009 | 7,083 | 4,335 | 822 | 663 | 1,461 | 102 | 14,469 | |
2010 | 6,627 | 4,674 | 783 | 570 | 1,401 | 84 | 14,139 | |
2011 | 6,513 | 5,100 | 720 | 288 | 1,308 | 72 | 14,004 | |
2012 | 6,429 | 4,884 | 714 | 486 | 1,239 | 57 | 13,809 | |
2013 | 6,225 | 4,512 | 690 | 513 | 1,224 | 48 | 13,212 | |
2014 | 6,057 | 4,233 | 696 | 420 | 1,179 | 51 | 12,636 | |
2015 | 6,003 | 4,083 | 705 | 486 | 1,140 | 48 | 12,465 | |
2016 | 6,009 | 4,032 | 705 | 411 | 1,116 | 39 | 12,312 | |
2017 | 5,883 | 4,041 | 690 | 438 | 990 | 36 | 12,081 | |
2018 | 5,904 | 4,149 | 711 | 396 | 1,020 | 39 | 12,222 | |
2019 | 5,937 | 4,158 | 720 | 414 | 960 | 33 | 12,219 | |
2020 | 5,811 | 4,143 | 708 | 144 | 969 | 33 | 11,808 | |
2021 | 5,682 | 4,131 | 696 | 333 | 1,005 | 33 | 11,880 | |
2022 | 5,403 | 4,116 | 705 | 312 | 1,071 | 24 | 11,631 | |
Schleswig-Holstein | 1993 | 12,263 | m | 1,392 | 1,464 | 6,467 | 140 | 21,726 |
1994 | 13,037 | m | 563 | 1,486 | 6,771 | 146 | 22,003 | |
1995 | 12,319 | m | 834 | 1,527 | 7,017 | 193 | 21,890 | |
1996 | 12,146 | m | 1,272 | 1,584 | 7,129 | 206 | 22,337 | |
1997 | 15,646 | m | 1,391 | 1,669 | 7,072 | 224 | 26,002 | |
1998 | 16,360 | m | 1,674 | 1,750 | 7,235 | 197 | 27,216 | |
1999 | 16,484 | m | 1,912 | 1,833 | 5,035 | - | 25,264 | |
2000 | 17,136 | m | 695 | 1,919 | 4,789 | - | 24,539 | |
2001 | 18,000 | m | 1,015 | 2,010 | 4,857 | - | 25,882 | |
2002 | 18,652 | m | 1,035 | 2,104 | 4,830 | - | 26,621 | |
2003 | 18,905 | m | 844 | 2,176 | 4,632 | - | 26,557 | |
2004 | 25,155 | m | 1,036 | 2,208 | 4,620 | - | 33,019 | |
2005 | 19,891 | m | 347 | 2,159 | 4,514 | - | 26,911 | |
2006 | 11,704 | m | 1,125 | 2,238 | 4,642 | - | 19,709 | |
2009 | 10,248 | 9,321 | 1,473 | 147 | 4,686 | - | 25,875 | |
2010 | 10,038 | 9,231 | 1,521 | 942 | 3,888 | - | 25,617 | |
2011 | 9,981 | 9,084 | 1,581 | 1,203 | 3,783 | - | 25,632 | |
2012 | 9,900 | 8,967 | 1,521 | 1,152 | 3,783 | - | 25,323 | |
2013 | 9,735 | 8,691 | 1,461 | 1,152 | 3,693 | - | 24,732 | |
2014 | 9,498 | 8,535 | 1,431 | 396 | 3,621 | - | 23,481 | |
2015 | 9,195 | 8,511 | 1,440 | 330 | 3,585 | - | 23,061 | |
2016 | 9,501 | 8,370 | 1,395 | 249 | 3,549 | - | 23,064 | |
2017 | 9,846 | 8,289 | 1,416 | 231 | 3,429 | - | 23,211 | |
2018 | 10,374 | 8,175 | 1,362 | 225 | 3,225 | - | 23,361 | |
2019 | 10,815 | 8,037 | 1,344 | 261 | 3,060 | - | 23,517 | |
2020 | 10,956 | 8,820 | 1,332 | 219 | 2,862 | - | 24,192 | |
2021 | 11,019 | 8,562 | 1,311 | 339 | 2,865 | - | 24,093 | |
2022 | 11,010 | 8,415 | 1,353 | 339 | 2,859 | - | 23,976 | |
Thüringen | 1993 | 5,689 | m | 548 | 396 | 2,588 | 205 | 9,426 |
1994 | 6,296 | m | 571 | 614 | 2,652 | 262 | 10,395 | |
1995 | 7,415 | m | 521 | 643 | 2,615 | 272 | 11,466 | |
1996 | 8,687 | m | 639 | 399 | 2,482 | 272 | 12,479 | |
1997 | 9,088 | m | 564 | 464 | 2,531 | 141 | 12,788 | |
1998 | 10,099 | m | 584 | 549 | 2,332 | 101 | 13,665 | |
1999 | 14,555 | m | 579 | 540 | 2,123 | 107 | 17,904 | |
2000 | 12,143 | m | 615 | 605 | 2,101 | 113 | 15,577 | |
2001 | 13,323 | m | 716 | 439 | 1,438 | 118 | 16,034 | |
2002 | 11,029 | m | 855 | 414 | 1,411 | 120 | 13,829 | |
2003 | 11,088 | m | 898 | 462 | 1,381 | 136 | 13,965 | |
2004 | 10,601 | m | 912 | 358 | 1,570 | 138 | 13,579 | |
2005 | 10,876 | m | 896 | 356 | 1,471 | 124 | 13,723 | |
2006 | 12,866 | m | 1,011 | 385 | 1,172 | 131 | 15,565 | |
2009 | 4,419 | 5,274 | 1,125 | 384 | 1,395 | 126 | 12,723 | |
2010 | 4,797 | 5,082 | 1,143 | 375 | 1,404 | 129 | 12,927 | |
2011 | 6,024 | 4,803 | 1,167 | 390 | 1,395 | 126 | 13,905 | |
2012 | 5,919 | 4,560 | 1,182 | 357 | 1,320 | 129 | 13,464 | |
2013 | 5,859 | 4,188 | 1,218 | 339 | 1,326 | 132 | 13,062 | |
2014 | 5,862 | 4,143 | 1,248 | 327 | 1,365 | 135 | 13,077 | |
2015 | 5,805 | 4,077 | 1,275 | 363 | 1,284 | 135 | 12,936 | |
2016 | 5,955 | 4,119 | 1,245 | 435 | 1,239 | 129 | 13,119 | |
2017 | 6,546 | 4,347 | 1,215 | 393 | 1,263 | 135 | 13,899 | |
2018 | 6,849 | 4,434 | 1,230 | 471 | 1,257 | 144 | 14,382 | |
2019 | 7,026 | 4,530 | 1,248 | 483 | 1,233 | 153 | 14,673 | |
2020 | 7,101 | 4,575 | 1,260 | 549 | 1,200 | 111 | 14,796 | |
2021 | 7,224 | 4,593 | 1,290 | 606 | 1,152 | 108 | 14,973 | |
2022 | 7,452 | 4,602 | 1,326 | 594 | 1,113 | 111 | 15,198 | |
Länder insgesamt | 1993 | 321,714 | m | 18,299 | 31,617 | 102,914 | 4,274 | 478,818 |
1994 | 330,463 | m | 17,046 | 31,881 | 107,319 | 4,001 | 490,710 | |
1995 | 343,824 | m | 16,313 | 30,537 | 113,911 | 3,469 | 508,054 | |
1996 | 343,718 | m | 19,789 | 29,895 | 112,542 | 4,020 | 509,964 | |
1997 | 359,552 | m | 21,067 | 30,967 | 112,045 | 4,415 | 528,046 | |
1998 | 387,035 | m | 22,561 | 31,746 | 109,796 | 4,535 | 555,673 | |
1999 | 408,649 | m | 23,952 | 32,899 | 104,296 | 4,326 | 574,122 | |
2000 | 421,906 | m | 22,368 | 32,551 | 106,559 | 4,299 | 587,683 | |
2001 | 429,444 | m | 20,277 | 32,112 | 102,655 | 4,094 | 588,582 | |
2002 | 428,069 | m | 20,996 | 29,333 | 101,616 | 3,909 | 583,923 | |
2003 | 398,432 | m | 21,372 | 26,581 | 98,519 | 3,971 | 548,875 | |
2004 | 447,616 | m | 22,219 | 25,848 | 94,962 | 3,696 | 594,341 | |
2005 | 425,057 | m | 21,478 | 24,888 | 91,631 | 3,525 | 566,579 | |
2006 | 429,371 | m | 21,111 | 24,899 | 86,690 | 3,701 | 565,772 | |
2009 | 288,084 | 245,427 | 22,017 | 17,730 | 100,122 | 3,051 | 676,428 | |
2010 | 280,224 | 253,434 | 22,341 | 18,909 | 97,182 | 3,105 | 675,198 | |
2011 | 276,789 | 250,260 | 22,344 | 19,029 | 93,930 | 3,153 | 665,508 | |
2012 | 290,763 | 241,956 | 23,226 | 20,709 | 92,160 | 3,168 | 671,985 | |
2013 | 290,136 | 233,682 | 23,337 | 20,349 | 91,554 | 3,090 | 662,148 | |
2014 | 288,633 | 227,496 | 23,541 | 19,077 | 90,855 | 3,012 | 652,617 | |
2015 | 287,211 | 223,719 | 23,709 | 19,176 | 90,588 | 2,919 | 647,322 | |
2016 | 291,891 | 220,434 | 23,667 | 19,503 | 88,785 | 2,868 | 647,148 | |
2017 | 295,998 | 207,468 | 23,853 | 19,776 | 86,214 | 2,769 | 636,078 | |
2018 | 303,453 | 208,380 | 24,036 | 19,287 | 86,508 | 2,772 | 644,436 | |
2019 | 304,788 | 207,228 | 24,348 | 19,008 | 84,936 | 2,715 | 643,023 | |
2020 | 299,454 | 199,158 | 24,045 | 18,087 | 84,879 | 2,274 | 627,897 | |
2021 | 296,859 | 200,571 | 23,601 | 18,219 | 86,640 | 2,388 | 628,281 | |
2022 | 295,749 | 200,646 | 23,583 | 18,924 | 87,357 | 2,214 | 628,476 |
Source: Federal Statistical Office (Fachserie 11 Reihe 3, Statistischer Bericht Berufsbildungsstatistik)
Notes:
1) Einschließlich Banken, Versicherungen, Gast- und Verkehrsgewerbe.
2) Durch die Neukonzeption der Statistik sind keine Daten für 2007 und 2008 vorhanden. Die Vergleichbarkeit der Ergebnisse ist vor und nach der Umstellung eingeschränkt.
3) Ab 2009 sind Abweichungen in den Summen möglich aufgrund des Rundungsverfahrens zur Sicherstellung der Geheimhaltung in der Berufsbildungsstatistik (siehe Quelle).
4) Referenzjahr 2015: Daten des Jahres 2014.
- = Keine Daten auszuweisen oder 0.
m = Daten nicht verfügbar.
Last update: August 24, 2023
This work is licensed under a Data licence Germany attribution 2.0.
(https://www.govdata.de/dl-de/by-2-0)
(https://www.govdata.de/dl-de/by-2-0)