| R&D personnel per 1,000 inhabitants | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1995 | 1997 | 1999 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
| Federal Land | Number | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Baden-Württemberg | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 |
Bavaria | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
Berlin | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Brandenburg | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Bremen | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 |
Hamburg | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 |
Hesse | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Lower Saxony | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
North Rhine-Westphalia | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
Rhineland-Palatinate | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
Saarland | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 |
Saxony | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
Saxony-Anhalt | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Schleswig-Holstein | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Thuringia | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
Länder, total
2) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
Of which: Eastern German Länder and Berlin | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
Source: Federal Statistical Office, special evaluation; German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies, calculations
This table also appears in the Federal Report on Research and Innovation as Table 19.
Notes:
1) Data basis: R&D personnel in full-time equivalents (source: special evaluation of the Federal Statistical Office). In even years, the R&D personnel of the business enterprise sector is based on the regional distribution of the respective previous year. Annual average of the population based on 2011 Census, date of calculations August 2023/February 2024 (source: Working group Regional Accounts , Reihe 1, Länderergebnisse Band 1 ).
2) Includes personnel which can not be distributed to Länder.
Last update: May 22, 2024
This work is licensed under a Data licence Germany attribution 2.0.
(https://www.govdata.de/dl-de/by-2-0)
(https://www.govdata.de/dl-de/by-2-0)