| Germany 1) | Finland | France 2) | Ireland | Italy 3) | Netherlands | Austria 4) | Portugal 5) | Sweden 6) | Spain 7) | EU27 8) | United Kingdom | ||
| Government expenditure on R&D | Year 9) | Millions of US dollars | |||||||||||
1.a Total R&D expenditure
10) | 1981 | 8,800.1 | 267.2 | 7,208.9 | 86.9 | 3,249.2 | 1,405.8 | 409.5 | m | 1,069.8 | 738.3 | m | 6,671.2 |
1982 | 9,722.3 | 309.3 | 7,997.2 | 92.5 | 3,378.9 | 1,601.3 | 458.2 | m | 1,214.1 | 790.6 | m | 6,834.6 | |
1983 | 9,720.0 | 336.1 | 8,796.2 | 89.1 | 3,850.6 | 1,669.9 | 500.0 | m | 1,363.4 | 804.9 | m | 7,287.1 | |
1984 | 10,038.8 | 365.6 | 9,481.1 | 92.2 | 4,431.5 | 1,715.0 | 542.1 | m | 1,460.9 | 922.4 | m | 7,679.0 | |
1985 | 10,985.5 | 429.6 | 10,319.4 | 112.7 | 4,781.5 | 1,711.7 | 579.7 | m | 1,470.6 | 1,057.2 | m | 7,664.3 | |
1986 | 11,062.0 | 470.6 | 10,054.7 | 119.8 | 5,503.4 | 1,935.2 | 628.2 | 161.2 | 1,476.0 | 1,098.4 | m | 7,704.2 | |
1987 | 11,593.7 | 517.7 | 10,814.1 | 129.2 | 6,126.8 | 2,246.4 | 640.9 | 213.4 | 1,623.4 | 1,375.4 | m | 7,709.4 | |
1988 | 11,861.3 | 563.5 | 11,443.0 | 129.0 | 7,014.0 | 2,246.3 | 692.5 | 248.1 | 1,696.9 | 1,689.3 | m | 7,718.3 | |
1989 | 12,723.4 | 626.4 | 12,324.4 | 123.9 | 6,857.5 | 2,364.4 | 761.4 | 280.5 | 1,738.1 | 2,225.3 | m | 7,886.3 | |
1990 | 13,566.6 | 709.3 | 13,742.3 | 130.0 | 7,231.1 | 2,823.3 | 794.9 | 381.3 | 1,851.4 | 2,618.9 | m | 7,874.6 | |
1991 | 15,951.6 | 810.2 | 13,966.2 | 146.2 | 7,734.6 | 2,727.4 | 955.0 | 441.1 | 1,979.3 | 2,807.8 | 52,745.0 | 7,761.6 | |
1992 | 16,362.9 | 862.6 | 13,541.9 | 161.9 | 8,489.5 | 2,728.4 | 1,017.2 | 565.0 | 2,014.0 | 2,787.0 | 53,615.6 | 7,761.5 | |
1993 | 16,269.2 | 910.5 | 13,551.4 | 181.4 | 7,460.3 | 2,737.1 | 1,134.9 | 576.3 | 2,050.5 | 2,720.1 | 52,737.1 | 8,227.1 | |
1994 | 16,048.9 | 919.2 | 13,719.8 | 168.7 | 7,045.0 | 2,776.2 | 1,225.2 | 557.7 | 2,011.4 | 2,763.8 | 52,467.5 | 7,977.6 | |
1995 | 16,434.6 | 944.6 | 13,397.4 | 215.6 | 6,847.0 | 2,853.6 | 1,227.0 | 590.5 | 2,094.2 | 3,004.9 | 53,155.0 | 7,914.4 | |
1996 | 16,897.6 | 946.7 | 13,356.0 | 241.5 | 7,158.5 | 2,851.8 | 1,203.3 | 693.6 | 2,117.5 | 3,059.0 | 54,430.3 | 8,165.1 | |
1997 | 16,455.6 | 1,196.9 | 12,955.9 | 241.5 | 7,736.1 | 3,117.5 | 1,216.2 | 743.5 | m | 3,373.9 | 55,265.8 | 8,501.2 | |
1998 | 16,534.8 | 1,260.4 | 13,211.2 | 248.7 | 7,673.1 | 3,167.6 | 1,309.0 | 824.4 | 1,634.5 | 4,074.0 | 56,532.2 | 8,094.0 | |
1999 | 17,107.2 | 1,285.4 | 13,531.6 | 278.4 | 7,538.5 | 3,349.1 | 1,387.0 | 974.4 | 1,632.4 | 4,378.5 | 58,400.0 | 8,716.4 | |
2000 | 17,234.9 | 1,317.1 | 14,880.9 | 320.1 | 9,509.0 | 3,801.8 | 1,418.6 | 1,079.3 | 1,726.0 | 5,135.3 | 63,841.8 | 9,492.7 | |
2001 | 17,703.1 | 1,348.7 | 16,274.5 | 386.3 | 10,348.9 | 3,984.1 | 1,526.3 | 1,159.3 | 2,035.3 | 6,036.3 | 68,775.6 | 9,721.3 | |
2002 | 18,326.6 | 1,391.3 | 17,207.0 | 475.2 | m | 4,336.0 | 1,630.0 | 923.5 | 2,263.6 | 7,235.5 | 72,850.1 | 11,493.7 | |
2003 | 19,087.8 | 1,449.9 | 16,996.3 | 526.4 | m | 4,250.4 | 1,635.0 | 929.6 | 2,451.2 | 7,562.8 | 74,581.6 | 11,781.4 | |
2004 | 19,362.3 | 1,577.4 | 17,009.4 | 612.0 | m | 4,318.9 | 1,751.4 | 961.6 | 2,479.8 | 5,879.5 | 74,006.1 | 12,291.3 | |
2005 | 19,732.0 | 1,648.0 | 18,220.2 | 710.7 | 11,199.3 | 4,391.9 | 1,836.6 | 1,045.6 | 2,508.0 | 6,440.7 | 77,493.5 | 12,116.1 | |
2006 | 20,772.7 | 1,778.0 | 16,319.3 | 780.1 | 11,057.1 | 4,867.7 | 1,973.7 | 1,074.4 | 2,718.1 | 9,153.5 | 81,568.2 | 12,888.6 | |
2007 | 22,337.9 | 1,861.1 | 15,876.0 | 933.6 | 12,281.2 | 5,061.1 | 2,039.2 | 1,164.2 | 2,784.4 | 10,906.5 | 87,437.6 | 13,176.6 | |
2008 | 24,002.6 | 1,988.6 | 19,222.1 | 985.1 | 12,685.7 | 5,404.0 | 2,325.3 | 1,283.2 | 2,915.4 | 11,592.3 | 96,720.3 | 13,160.6 | |
2009 | 26,766.8 | 2,151.1 | 20,294.3 | 987.9 | 12,677.6 | 5,718.7 | 2,548.0 | 1,467.1 | 3,168.5 | 12,105.4 | 102,677.8 | 13,278.2 | |
2010 | 28,587.9 | 2,297.5 | 19,142.2 | 970.9 | 12,349.2 | 5,687.0 | 2,695.2 | 1,563.2 | 3,269.4 | 11,428.6 | 103,026.7 | 13,316.2 | |
2011 | 30,103.1 | 2,306.8 | 19,983.8 | 946.2 | 12,075.3 | 5,950.6 | 2,920.6 | 1,251.4 | 3,276.2 | 10,155.5 | 104,374.6 | 12,902.2 | |
2012 | 30,575.2 | 2,272.1 | 17,925.9 | 914.1 | 11,798.8 | 5,672.9 | 3,014.8 | 974.0 | 3,602.1 | 8,899.8 | 101,840.5 | 12,974.6 | |
2013 | 32,745.9 | 2,228.8 | 18,457.1 | 889.5 | 11,453.0 | 6,006.6 | 3,246.3 | 1,155.9 | 3,662.5 | 8,420.5 | 106,139.1 | 14,362.8 | |
2014 | 33,186.3 | 2,206.3 | 18,349.2 | 887.4 | 11,425.0 | 6,026.0 | 3,314.3 | 1,087.4 | 3,766.6 | 8,721.4 | 107,171.6 | 14,571.5 | |
2015 | 34,098.5 | 2,205.0 | 17,526.4 | 909.4 | 11,333.0 | 6,025.7 | 3,436.2 | 1,174.1 | 3,741.9 | 9,089.8 | 108,329.8 | 14,663.5 | |
2016 | 37,667.8 | 2,084.7 | 18,009.5 | 905.6 | 12,467.6 | 6,192.8 | 3,701.4 | 1,240.2 | 3,897.9 | 9,422.4 | 114,599.8 | 15,006.9 | |
2017 | 40,496.1 | 2,183.6 | 19,150.4 | 930.6 | 12,743.8 | 6,338.9 | 3,728.7 | 1,270.4 | 4,034.1 | 9,505.6 | 120,369.8 | 16,000.0 | |
2018 | 43,184.5 | 2,285.2 | 20,577.9 | 966.5 | 13,224.4 | 7,107.7 | 3,806.3 | 1,303.7 | 4,084.4 | 9,922.0 | 126,823.6 | 17,184.5 | |
2019 | 46,680.4 | 2,396.1 | 22,591.3 | 995.5 | 14,975.8 | 7,237.6 | 4,017.5 | 1,337.3 | 4,250.1 | 10,575.8 | 139,840.1 | 17,917.6 | |
2020 | 51,270.3 | 2,778.3 | 23,943.9 | 1,088.8 | 17,013.8 | 7,942.9 | 4,404.4 | 1,330.1 | 4,437.5 | 11,206.7 | 152,128.9 | 20,428.3 | |
2021 | 54,940.7 | 2,704.3 | 24,573.1 | 1,198.4 | 18,030.1 | 8,892.7 | 4,323.1 | 1,372.2 | 4,895.1 | 11,969.8 | 160,891.2 | 20,730.3 | |
2022 | 59,157.8 | 2,962.3 | 25,534.6 | 1,272.2 | 20,233.6 | 10,144.5 | 5,336.9 | 1,441.4 | 4,972.4 | 13,082.2 | 172,065.3 | m | |
1.b Civil R&D expenditure
10) | 1981 | 8,020.3 | 262.1 | 4,440.3 | 86.9 | 3,039.4 | 1,362.5 | 409.3 | m | 904.8 | 702.0 | m | 3,583.7 |
1982 | 8,893.0 | 303.2 | 5,102.0 | 92.5 | 3,218.1 | 1,550.4 | 458.2 | m | 986.4 | 740.0 | m | 3,750.9 | |
1983 | 8,786.3 | 329.6 | 5,915.9 | 89.1 | 3,630.7 | 1,624.0 | 499.9 | m | 1,071.5 | 753.6 | m | 3,858.6 | |
1984 | 9,037.3 | 358.5 | 6,374.7 | 92.2 | 4,062.8 | 1,665.1 | 541.9 | m | 1,134.0 | 861.3 | m | 3,963.4 | |
1985 | 9,675.0 | 422.1 | 6,960.7 | 112.7 | 4,306.6 | 1,660.3 | 579.5 | m | 1,117.4 | 982.7 | m | 4,148.8 | |
1986 | 9,721.9 | 463.0 | 6,745.2 | 119.8 | 5,035.1 | 1,881.5 | 628.1 | 161.2 | 1,093.2 | 1,034.8 | m | 4,227.8 | |
1987 | 10,124.2 | 509.1 | 6,932.3 | 129.2 | 5,695.9 | 2,190.8 | 640.9 | 213.4 | 1,202.4 | 1,252.9 | m | 4,186.4 | |
1988 | 10,391.0 | 554.7 | 7,178.6 | 129.0 | 6,287.7 | 2,180.7 | 692.5 | 248.1 | 1,289.8 | 1,475.7 | m | 4,358.8 | |
1989 | 11,095.9 | 616.4 | 7,761.5 | 123.9 | 6,391.7 | 2,296.6 | 761.4 | 280.5 | 1,309.0 | 1,799.5 | m | 4,361.6 | |
1990 | 11,738.8 | 698.9 | 8,238.5 | 130.0 | 6,787.4 | 2,744.7 | 794.7 | 381.3 | 1,414.2 | 2,135.8 | m | 4,450.4 | |
1991 | 14,199.6 | 798.6 | 8,927.5 | 146.2 | 7,122.9 | 2,645.4 | 954.9 | 438.0 | 1,438.5 | 2,335.5 | 44,153.5 | 4,351.5 | |
1992 | 14,721.2 | 849.4 | 8,705.0 | 161.9 | 7,890.1 | 2,640.5 | 1,017.1 | 561.0 | 1,524.0 | 2,378.9 | 45,457.5 | 4,596.3 | |
1993 | 14,883.1 | 891.3 | 9,037.6 | 181.4 | 6,824.0 | 2,654.4 | 1,134.9 | 574.6 | 1,568.8 | 2,378.7 | 45,195.5 | 4,772.3 | |
1994 | 14,674.6 | 899.9 | 9,183.4 | 168.7 | 6,419.4 | 2,688.0 | 1,225.0 | 549.3 | 1,631.6 | 2,471.0 | 45,076.7 | 4,875.9 | |
1995 | 14,946.0 | 924.9 | 9,381.0 | 215.6 | 6,524.0 | 2,767.2 | 1,226.9 | 575.2 | 1,656.8 | 2,692.3 | 46,386.3 | 5,022.3 | |
1996 | 15,216.6 | 927.3 | 9,384.1 | 241.5 | 6,939.3 | 2,750.6 | 1,203.2 | 678.5 | 1,675.2 | 2,729.3 | 47,573.1 | 5,158.2 | |
1997 | 14,880.1 | 1,178.5 | 9,692.7 | 241.5 | 7,394.9 | 3,022.4 | 1,216.2 | 733.1 | m | 2,713.3 | 48,938.7 | 5,238.7 | |
1998 | 15,086.9 | 1,243.1 | 10,122.4 | 248.7 | 7,469.3 | 3,089.4 | 1,309.0 | 813.3 | 1,515.1 | 2,894.6 | 50,302.8 | 5,180.8 | |
1999 | 15,682.5 | 1,267.8 | 10,454.6 | 278.4 | 7,444.1 | 3,275.0 | 1,387.0 | 958.9 | 1,512.4 | 3,233.3 | 52,348.4 | 5,482.4 | |
2000 | 15,891.8 | 1,300.0 | 11,695.9 | 320.1 | 9,435.5 | 3,735.1 | 1,418.3 | 1,066.5 | 1,603.1 | 3,792.2 | 57,592.7 | 6,108.6 | |
2001 | 16,397.9 | 1,327.8 | 12,562.4 | 386.3 | 9,932.3 | 3,914.4 | 1,526.1 | 1,135.3 | 1,737.5 | 3,783.5 | 60,568.0 | 6,751.0 | |
2002 | 17,326.6 | 1,369.4 | 13,255.5 | 475.2 | m | 4,266.3 | 1,630.0 | 923.0 | 1,774.4 | 5,309.7 | 64,872.0 | 7,522.3 | |
2003 | 17,842.5 | 1,408.4 | 13,104.3 | 526.4 | m | 4,177.9 | 1,635.0 | 929.1 | 1,943.6 | 5,755.4 | 66,488.4 | 7,927.1 | |
2004 | 18,231.2 | 1,541.3 | 13,233.2 | 612.0 | m | 4,266.4 | 1,751.3 | 961.0 | 2,067.1 | 5,610.2 | 67,805.0 | 8,536.5 | |
2005 | 18,597.0 | 1,593.5 | 14,423.0 | 710.7 | 10,792.4 | 4,304.2 | 1,836.3 | 1,044.9 | 2,071.0 | 6,190.4 | 71,208.6 | 9,274.3 | |
2006 | 19,426.5 | 1,728.5 | 11,761.1 | 780.1 | 10,906.6 | 4,770.8 | 1,973.6 | 1,073.8 | 2,260.4 | 8,905.8 | 74,531.1 | 9,827.3 | |
2007 | 20,987.0 | 1,816.8 | 11,302.3 | 933.6 | 11,723.5 | 4,970.4 | 2,039.1 | 1,163.3 | 2,327.2 | 10,616.3 | 79,911.3 | 10,144.8 | |
2008 | 22,555.7 | 1,933.1 | 15,128.6 | 985.1 | 12,527.7 | 5,313.4 | 2,325.1 | 1,282.2 | 2,553.1 | 11,239.4 | 89,952.0 | 10,306.5 | |
2009 | 25,310.3 | 2,112.3 | 15,867.7 | 987.9 | 12,590.7 | 5,620.0 | 2,547.8 | 1,464.8 | 2,903.2 | 11,829.4 | 95,800.4 | 10,792.4 | |
2010 | 27,155.0 | 2,235.0 | 16,328.2 | 970.9 | 12,267.3 | 5,597.9 | 2,695.1 | 1,560.4 | 3,022.1 | 11,266.3 | 97,887.6 | 10,887.1 | |
2011 | 28,914.7 | 2,248.1 | 18,625.3 | 946.2 | 11,987.4 | 5,862.9 | 2,920.5 | 1,248.5 | 3,020.6 | 9,985.6 | 100,881.7 | 11,034.5 | |
2012 | 29,398.0 | 2,213.6 | 16,649.3 | 914.1 | 11,714.2 | 5,578.4 | 3,014.6 | 972.9 | 3,312.0 | 8,745.7 | 98,360.0 | 10,874.3 | |
2013 | 31,526.4 | 2,186.5 | 17,295.9 | 889.5 | 11,363.0 | 5,932.5 | 3,246.0 | 1,153.5 | 3,515.8 | 8,298.7 | 103,021.0 | 12,162.6 | |
2014 | 31,915.2 | 2,159.0 | 17,133.3 | 887.4 | 11,330.6 | 5,952.5 | 3,313.1 | 1,083.7 | 3,625.2 | 8,611.8 | 103,937.5 | 12,115.7 | |
2015 | 33,035.7 | 2,164.0 | 16,268.3 | 909.4 | 11,247.4 | 5,949.7 | 3,435.1 | 1,170.4 | 3,616.8 | 8,960.4 | 105,253.4 | 12,298.9 | |
2016 | 36,658.4 | 2,044.4 | 16,717.9 | 905.6 | 12,389.8 | 6,116.0 | 3,698.0 | 1,236.3 | 3,764.7 | 9,327.9 | 111,225.7 | 12,637.5 | |
2017 | 38,946.6 | 2,135.4 | 17,624.6 | 930.6 | 12,666.8 | 6,268.9 | 3,722.4 | 1,266.4 | 3,945.5 | 9,402.6 | 116,376.1 | 13,598.0 | |
2018 | 41,780.2 | 2,229.6 | 19,192.0 | 966.5 | 13,143.8 | 7,024.1 | 3,799.5 | 1,298.9 | 3,987.3 | 9,828.9 | 123,225.2 | 14,774.9 | |
2019 | 44,649.3 | 2,336.8 | 20,901.3 | 995.5 | 14,887.8 | 7,147.4 | 4,010.2 | 1,333.4 | 4,130.2 | 10,418.2 | 135,098.6 | 16,405.5 | |
2020 | 49,117.4 | 2,723.4 | 21,893.7 | 1,088.8 | 16,932.4 | 7,789.4 | 4,398.0 | 1,326.9 | 4,325.7 | 11,052.4 | 146,900.2 | 18,860.5 | |
2021 | 52,631.7 | 2,646.7 | 21,953.3 | 1,198.4 | 17,928.5 | 8,613.6 | 4,316.3 | 1,368.6 | 4,787.5 | 11,835.7 | 154,694.6 | 18,008.8 | |
2022 | 56,023.6 | 2,905.2 | 23,286.0 | 1,272.2 | 20,115.3 | 9,866.8 | 5,328.2 | 1,437.6 | 4,851.6 | 12,506.7 | 164,923.7 | m | |
| Average annual growth of R&D expenditure | Years 9) | Share (%) | |||||||||||
2.a Total expenditure | 1981 (1991) to 2022 (2021)
11) | 4.8 | 6.0 | 3.1 | 6.8 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 3.8 | 7.3 | 3.9 | 2.9 |
2018 to 2022 (2021)
11) | 8.2 | 6.7 | 5.5 | 7.1 | 11.2 | 9.3 | 8.8 | 2.5 | 5.0 | 7.2 | 7.9 | 6.5 | |
2.b Civil R&D expenditure | 1981 (1991) to 2022 (2021)
11) | 4.9 | 6.0 | 4.1 | 6.8 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 4.2 | 7.3 | 4.3 | 4.1 |
2018 to 2022 (2021)
11) | 7.6 | 6.8 | 5.0 | 7.1 | 11.2 | 8.9 | 8.8 | 2.6 | 5.0 | 6.2 | 7.6 | 6.8 | |
| Government expenditure on R&D | Year 9) | US dollars | |||||||||||
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita
10) | 1981 | 142.7 | 55.7 | 130.0 | 25.2 | 57.5 | 98.7 | 54.1 | m | 128.6 | 19.3 | m | 118.4 |
1982 | 157.7 | 64.1 | 143.3 | 26.6 | 59.8 | 111.9 | 60.5 | m | 145.8 | 20.6 | m | 121.4 | |
1983 | 158.2 | 69.2 | 156.8 | 25.4 | 68.1 | 116.2 | 66.1 | m | 163.7 | 20.8 | m | 129.4 | |
1984 | 164.1 | 74.9 | 168.2 | 26.1 | 78.3 | 118.9 | 71.7 | m | 175.2 | 23.8 | m | 136.1 | |
1985 | 180.0 | 87.6 | 182.1 | 31.8 | 84.5 | 118.2 | 76.6 | m | 176.1 | 27.2 | m | 135.5 | |
1986 | 181.1 | 95.7 | 176.5 | 33.8 | 97.2 | 132.9 | 83.0 | 15.9 | 176.3 | 28.1 | m | 135.9 | |
1987 | 189.8 | 105.0 | 188.8 | 36.5 | 108.2 | 153.2 | 84.6 | 21.1 | 193.3 | 35.2 | m | 135.7 | |
1988 | 193.0 | 113.9 | 198.7 | 36.5 | 123.9 | 152.2 | 91.3 | 24.7 | 201.2 | 43.1 | m | 135.6 | |
1989 | 205.0 | 126.2 | 212.7 | 35.3 | 121.0 | 159.3 | 99.9 | 28.0 | 204.7 | 56.6 | m | 138.2 | |
1990 | 214.5 | 142.2 | 235.9 | 37.1 | 127.5 | 188.9 | 103.5 | 38.1 | 216.3 | 66.6 | m | 137.6 | |
1991 | 199.5 | 161.6 | 238.5 | 41.5 | 136.2 | 181.0 | 123.2 | 44.3 | 229.7 | 71.2 | 125.0 | 135.1 | |
1992 | 203.3 | 171.1 | 230.1 | 45.5 | 149.5 | 179.7 | 129.7 | 56.7 | 232.4 | 70.6 | 126.8 | 134.8 | |
1993 | 201.0 | 179.7 | 229.3 | 50.8 | 131.3 | 179.0 | 143.6 | 57.8 | 235.2 | 68.7 | 124.4 | 142.5 | |
1994 | 197.8 | 180.6 | 231.3 | 47.0 | 123.9 | 180.5 | 154.4 | 55.8 | 229.1 | 69.7 | 123.6 | 137.9 | |
1995 | 202.1 | 184.9 | 225.1 | 59.9 | 120.5 | 184.6 | 154.4 | 58.9 | 237.3 | 75.7 | 125.0 | 136.4 | |
1996 | 207.4 | 184.7 | 223.6 | 66.6 | 125.9 | 183.6 | 151.2 | 68.9 | 239.5 | 76.7 | 127.8 | 140.4 | |
1997 | 201.9 | 232.9 | 216.1 | 65.9 | 136.0 | 199.7 | 152.6 | 73.5 | m | 84.2 | 129.6 | 145.8 | |
1998 | 203.0 | 244.6 | 219.5 | 67.0 | 134.8 | 201.7 | 164.1 | 81.1 | 184.7 | 101.3 | 132.4 | 138.4 | |
1999 | 210.1 | 248.9 | 223.7 | 74.2 | 132.4 | 211.8 | 173.5 | 95.4 | 184.3 | 108.5 | 136.6 | 148.5 | |
2000 | 211.6 | 254.4 | 244.3 | 84.1 | 167.0 | 238.7 | 177.1 | 104.9 | 194.5 | 126.6 | 149.1 | 161.2 | |
2001 | 217.2 | 260.0 | 265.3 | 100.0 | 181.6 | 248.3 | 189.8 | 111.9 | 228.8 | 148.1 | 160.3 | 164.5 | |
2002 | 224.7 | 267.5 | 278.4 | 120.8 | m | 268.5 | 201.7 | 88.6 | 253.6 | 174.7 | 169.5 | 193.6 | |
2003 | 234.1 | 278.1 | 273.1 | 131.7 | m | 262.0 | 201.4 | 88.9 | 273.6 | 179.2 | 172.9 | 197.6 | |
2004 | 237.7 | 301.7 | 271.3 | 150.5 | m | 265.3 | 214.4 | 91.7 | 275.7 | 137.2 | 171.0 | 205.0 | |
2005 | 242.6 | 314.1 | 288.4 | 170.8 | 192.5 | 269.1 | 223.3 | 99.5 | 277.8 | 147.5 | 178.4 | 200.6 | |
2006 | 255.9 | 337.6 | 256.6 | 182.7 | 189.3 | 297.8 | 238.7 | 102.1 | 299.3 | 206.3 | 187.1 | 211.9 | |
2007 | 275.8 | 351.9 | 248.1 | 212.2 | 209.0 | 308.9 | 245.8 | 110.4 | 304.4 | 241.1 | 199.9 | 214.9 | |
2008 | 297.2 | 374.3 | 298.7 | 219.1 | 214.2 | 328.6 | 279.4 | 121.5 | 316.2 | 252.1 | 220.4 | 212.9 | |
2009 | 332.6 | 402.9 | 313.7 | 217.6 | 212.9 | 346.0 | 305.5 | 138.8 | 340.8 | 261.1 | 233.2 | 213.3 | |
2010 | 356.1 | 428.4 | 294.4 | 212.9 | 206.4 | 342.3 | 322.4 | 147.8 | 348.6 | 245.4 | 233.6 | 212.2 | |
2011 | 375.0 | 428.1 | 305.9 | 206.7 | 201.2 | 356.5 | 348.2 | 118.5 | 346.7 | 217.3 | 236.4 | 203.9 | |
2012 | 380.2 | 419.7 | 273.0 | 198.8 | 196.0 | 338.6 | 357.8 | 92.6 | 378.4 | 190.3 | 230.3 | 203.7 | |
2013 | 406.0 | 409.8 | 279.7 | 192.5 | 189.9 | 357.5 | 382.9 | 110.5 | 381.5 | 180.7 | 239.8 | 224.0 | |
2014 | 409.8 | 403.9 | 276.7 | 190.7 | 189.4 | 357.3 | 387.9 | 104.5 | 388.5 | 187.7 | 241.8 | 225.6 | |
2015 | 417.4 | 402.3 | 263.2 | 193.7 | 188.2 | 355.7 | 398.2 | 113.4 | 381.9 | 195.9 | 243.9 | 225.2 | |
2016 | 457.4 | 379.4 | 269.5 | 190.7 | 207.4 | 363.6 | 423.5 | 120.1 | 392.8 | 202.9 | 257.4 | 228.6 | |
2017 | 489.9 | 396.4 | 285.3 | 193.8 | 212.4 | 370.0 | 424.0 | 123.3 | 401.1 | 204.3 | 269.9 | 242.3 | |
2018 | 520.9 | 414.3 | 305.1 | 198.8 | 220.9 | 412.5 | 430.7 | 126.8 | 401.4 | 212.3 | 283.9 | 258.7 | |
2019 | 561.8 | 433.9 | 333.4 | 202.0 | 250.7 | 417.3 | 452.5 | 130.0 | 413.5 | 224.5 | 312.3 | 268.2 | |
2020 | 616.5 | 502.3 | 352.1 | 218.6 | 286.2 | 455.4 | 493.9 | 129.2 | 428.6 | 236.7 | 339.4 | 304.5 | |
2021 | 660.4 | 488.0 | 360.1 | 238.8 | 304.9 | 507.2 | 482.9 | 133.4 | 470.0 | 252.9 | 359.2 | 307.0 | |
2022 | 706.0 | 533.1 | 373.0 | 248.7 | 343.3 | 573.0 | 589.5 | 140.3 | 474.1 | 274.7 | 383.3 | m | |
| Government expenditure on R&D | Year 9) | Share (%) | |||||||||||
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product | 1981 | 1.10 | 0.55 | 1.22 | 0.34 | 0.53 | 0.85 | 0.47 | m | 1.04 | 0.26 | m | 1.26 |
1982 | 1.15 | 0.58 | 1.24 | 0.34 | 0.52 | 0.92 | 0.49 | m | 1.10 | 0.25 | m | 1.19 | |
1983 | 1.09 | 0.59 | 1.30 | 0.31 | 0.56 | 0.91 | 0.50 | m | 1.17 | 0.24 | m | 1.17 | |
1984 | 1.05 | 0.60 | 1.33 | 0.30 | 0.60 | 0.87 | 0.52 | m | 1.16 | 0.27 | m | 1.17 | |
1985 | 1.09 | 0.66 | 1.38 | 0.34 | 0.62 | 0.82 | 0.53 | m | 1.10 | 0.29 | m | 1.09 | |
1986 | 1.05 | 0.69 | 1.29 | 0.36 | 0.68 | 0.89 | 0.55 | 0.20 | 1.06 | 0.29 | m | 1.04 | |
1987 | 1.06 | 0.71 | 1.32 | 0.36 | 0.71 | 0.98 | 0.54 | 0.24 | 1.10 | 0.33 | m | 0.96 | |
1988 | 1.01 | 0.71 | 1.29 | 0.33 | 0.75 | 0.92 | 0.54 | 0.25 | 1.08 | 0.37 | m | 0.88 | |
1989 | 1.01 | 0.72 | 1.28 | 0.29 | 0.69 | 0.89 | 0.55 | 0.26 | 1.04 | 0.45 | m | 0.84 | |
1990 | 0.98 | 0.78 | 1.34 | 0.27 | 0.68 | 0.98 | 0.53 | 0.32 | 1.06 | 0.49 | m | 0.80 | |
1991 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 1.30 | 0.29 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 0.60 | 0.35 | 1.11 | 0.50 | 0.80 | 0.78 | |
1992 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 1.21 | 0.30 | 0.74 | 0.86 | 0.61 | 0.43 | 1.12 | 0.48 | 0.79 | 0.76 | |
1993 | 0.92 | 1.03 | 1.19 | 0.32 | 0.64 | 0.84 | 0.66 | 0.44 | 1.13 | 0.46 | 0.76 | 0.76 | |
1994 | 0.86 | 0.98 | 1.16 | 0.28 | 0.58 | 0.81 | 0.68 | 0.41 | 1.05 | 0.45 | 0.72 | 0.70 | |
1995 | 0.85 | 0.94 | 1.08 | 0.32 | 0.54 | 0.79 | 0.65 | 0.41 | 1.03 | 0.46 | 0.70 | 0.66 | |
1996 | 0.86 | 0.92 | 1.05 | 0.32 | 0.55 | 0.75 | 0.62 | 0.46 | 1.00 | 0.45 | 0.69 | 0.64 | |
1997 | 0.82 | 1.07 | 0.97 | 0.29 | 0.57 | 0.77 | 0.60 | 0.47 | m | 0.47 | 0.68 | 0.63 | |
1998 | 0.80 | 1.04 | 0.94 | 0.27 | 0.54 | 0.73 | 0.62 | 0.49 | 0.71 | 0.53 | 0.66 | 0.58 | |
1999 | 0.79 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.27 | 0.52 | 0.72 | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.67 | 0.54 | 0.66 | 0.61 | |
2000 | 0.77 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.28 | 0.62 | 0.75 | 0.60 | 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.59 | 0.67 | 0.61 | |
2001 | 0.76 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.31 | 0.65 | 0.75 | 0.64 | 0.57 | 0.76 | 0.64 | 0.69 | 0.59 | |
2002 | 0.76 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.34 | m | 0.78 | 0.65 | 0.44 | 0.82 | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.67 | |
2003 | 0.77 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.36 | m | 0.77 | 0.63 | 0.43 | 0.86 | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.65 | |
2004 | 0.75 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.39 | m | 0.74 | 0.63 | 0.43 | 0.81 | 0.52 | 0.66 | 0.64 | |
2005 | 0.75 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.42 | 0.64 | 0.72 | 0.64 | 0.44 | 0.81 | 0.53 | 0.66 | 0.61 | |
2006 | 0.74 | 0.98 | 0.79 | 0.41 | 0.59 | 0.73 | 0.63 | 0.41 | 0.79 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.61 | |
2007 | 0.75 | 0.93 | 0.73 | 0.45 | 0.62 | 0.70 | 0.62 | 0.43 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.64 | 0.60 | |
2008 | 0.77 | 0.93 | 0.85 | 0.50 | 0.61 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.46 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.68 | 0.58 | |
2009 | 0.89 | 1.06 | 0.90 | 0.53 | 0.62 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.52 | 0.85 | 0.81 | 0.73 | 0.61 | |
2010 | 0.90 | 1.10 | 0.82 | 0.49 | 0.59 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.54 | 0.83 | 0.77 | 0.71 | 0.58 | |
2011 | 0.88 | 1.05 | 0.82 | 0.46 | 0.56 | 0.76 | 0.78 | 0.44 | 0.78 | 0.68 | 0.69 | 0.55 | |
2012 | 0.88 | 1.03 | 0.72 | 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.72 | 0.77 | 0.35 | 0.83 | 0.60 | 0.66 | 0.53 | |
2013 | 0.90 | 0.99 | 0.71 | 0.40 | 0.52 | 0.73 | 0.80 | 0.40 | 0.82 | 0.56 | 0.67 | 0.56 | |
2014 | 0.87 | 0.97 | 0.69 | 0.37 | 0.52 | 0.73 | 0.79 | 0.36 | 0.82 | 0.56 | 0.65 | 0.55 | |
2015 | 0.88 | 0.95 | 0.64 | 0.28 | 0.51 | 0.71 | 0.80 | 0.38 | 0.78 | 0.56 | 0.64 | 0.53 | |
2016 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 0.63 | 0.27 | 0.52 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.38 | 0.78 | 0.54 | 0.63 | 0.52 | |
2017 | 0.92 | 0.83 | 0.64 | 0.25 | 0.51 | 0.67 | 0.78 | 0.37 | 0.77 | 0.52 | 0.63 | 0.53 | |
2018 | 0.94 | 0.84 | 0.66 | 0.23 | 0.51 | 0.71 | 0.76 | 0.36 | 0.75 | 0.52 | 0.64 | 0.55 | |
2019 | 0.98 | 0.84 | 0.66 | 0.23 | 0.55 | 0.69 | 0.76 | 0.35 | 0.73 | 0.52 | 0.66 | 0.54 | |
2020 | 1.09 | 0.96 | 0.74 | 0.23 | 0.66 | 0.76 | 0.86 | 0.37 | 0.76 | 0.62 | 0.74 | 0.66 | |
2021 | 1.12 | 0.89 | 0.71 | 0.22 | 0.65 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.36 | 0.78 | 0.62 | 0.73 | 0.62 | |
2022 | 1.11 | 0.90 | 0.68 | 0.20 | 0.66 | 0.81 | 0.87 | 0.34 | 0.73 | 0.60 | 0.71 | m | |
| Government expenditure on R&D | Years 9) | Share (%) | |||||||||||
5. Average annual growth of the nominal gross domestic product | 1981 (1991) to 2022
11) | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 8.2 | 4.0 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 4.3 | 4.8 |
2018 to 2022
11) | 3.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 12.0 | 4.1 | 5.9 | 5.1 | 4.6 | 5.8 | 3.4 | 5.1 | 3.9 | |
Source: German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies, calculations; OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators 2023/1
Notes:
1) Until 1990, western German Länder only.
2) 2006 and 2007: limited comparability because some departments have not been included in the calculation.
3) Until 1990, including extramural R&D expenditure.
4) Definition differs.
5) Until 2001, including EU funding programs.
6) Until 1993, excluding R&D in the social sciences and humanities. As of 1998, data exclude funding by public research foundations. Until 2005, central government R&D was taken into account only.
7) Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included, in order to ensure international comparability.
8) Status of EU membership as of February 2020 (excluding the United Kingdom). The results were calculated back to 1991.
9) Some figures are revised, provisional, estimated or only partly comparable with figures from previous years (see original edition of "Main Science and Technology Indicators 2023/1").
10) Nominal expenditure converted into US dollar purchasing power parities.
11) The figures are based on years for that data are available.
m = data not available.
Last update: October 12, 2023
This work is licensed under a Data licence Germany attribution non-commercial 1.0.
(https://www.govdata.de/dl-de/by-nc-1-0)
(https://www.govdata.de/dl-de/by-nc-1-0)