Source: Federal Ministry of Education and Research, special evaluation; Federal Statistical Office, special evaluation; Stifterverband Wissenschaftsstatistik, special evaluation
This table also appears in the Federal Report on Research and Innovation as Table 1.

Notes:
¹⁾ Data from surveys of the relevant performing sectors. Until 1990, the former Federal Republic of Germany; as of 1991, all of Germany. Due to revision of the calculation method, the data up to 1991 are only partly comparable with data from later publications.
²⁾ Figures for even years are partly estimated.
³⁾ Companies and institutions for co-operative research; intramural R&D expenditures (OECD concept) of business enterprises; until 1990, including non-apportionable government funding; as of 1992, government R&D funding for business enterprises pursuant to figures of funding institutions -- Federal Government and Länder. Until 2010 the funding source data of the Stifterverband Wissenschaftsstatistik, which have been obtained from R&D-performing reporting units, differ from this, since the performing reporting units are not always able to clearly identify the original funding source.
⁴⁾ Non-university research institutions (e.g., Max Planck Society, Fraunhofer Society). Government: federal, Länder and municipal (research) institutions; as of 1981, Federal Government institutions; as of 1985, Länder institutions with their R&D shares only. As of 1992, modified survey procedure; in 1995, the reporting scope was expanded; in 2005, modified calculation method. Until 2010, including external expenditure on research and development.
⁵⁾ The increase of the expenditure on higher education is partly methodologically conditioned by the recalculation of R&D coefficients from 2016 onwards.
⁶⁾ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) status: July 2022. For 2021, current calculation by the Federal Statistical Office (August 2023) based on GDP data as of August 2023.

- = no figures or magnitude zero.
m = data not available.

Last update: August 28, 2023